Edebiyyat 7 ci sinif pdf: A Guide to Azerbaijani Literature for Seventh Graders
If you are a seventh grader who wants to learn more about the rich and diverse literature of Azerbaijan, this guide is for you. In this guide, you will find out what is Azerbaijani literature, why it is important to learn about it, and how to use this guide. You will also discover the two main traditions of Azerbaijani literature: folk and written. You will explore the origins, features, themes, values, and examples of both traditions. You will also learn about some of the most famous and influential Azerbaijani writers and their works. By the end of this guide, you will have a better understanding and appreciation of the literary heritage of Azerbaijan.
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Introduction
What is Azerbaijani literature?
Azerbaijani literature is written in Azerbaijani language, which is a Turkic language spoken by the majority of the population in Azerbaijan and by many people in Iran, Russia, Turkey, Georgia, and other countries. Azerbaijani language has three main varieties: North Azerbaijani (spoken in Azerbaijan and Dagestan), South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran), and Anatolian Turkish (spoken in Turkey). These varieties are mutually intelligible to a large extent, but they also have some differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and writing systems.
Azerbaijani literature has a long and rich history that dates back to the 14th century or earlier. It has been influenced by various cultures and languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Russian, Turkish, Georgian, Armenian, and others. It has also been shaped by the social and political events that affected the lives of the Azerbaijani people. Azerbaijani literature can be divided into two main traditions: folk and written. Folk literature is an oral tradition that reflects the nomadic roots and Islamic culture of the Azerbaijanis. Written literature is a literary tradition that expresses the thoughts and feelings of individual authors in various genres and styles.
Why is it important to learn about Azerbaijani literature?
Learning about Azerbaijani literature is important for several reasons. First of all, it can help you improve your language skills and expand your vocabulary. Reading and listening to different texts can expose you to new words, phrases, idioms, expressions, grammatical structures, and rhetorical devices that you can use in your own speech and writing. Second of all Learning about Azerbaijani literature is important for several reasons. First of all, it can help you improve your language skills and expand your vocabulary. Reading and listening to different texts can expose you to new words, phrases, idioms, expressions, grammatical structures, and rhetorical devices that you can use in your own speech and writing. Second of all, it can help you develop your critical thinking and analytical skills. You can learn how to interpret and evaluate different texts, identify their main ideas and arguments, compare and contrast their perspectives and styles, and relate them to their historical and cultural contexts. Third of all, it can help you appreciate the beauty and diversity of Azerbaijani literature. You can enjoy the stories, poems, plays, essays, and other works that showcase the creativity and talent of Azerbaijani writers. You can also discover the themes and values that are important to the Azerbaijani people, such as love, freedom, justice, patriotism, identity, faith, and others.
How to use this guide?
This guide is designed to help you learn about Azerbaijani literature in a systematic and engaging way. It is divided into two sections: folk literature and written literature. Each section covers the origins, features, themes, values, and examples of the respective tradition. You will also find some questions and activities that will help you check your understanding and apply your knowledge. You can use this guide as a reference book or as a textbook for your literature class. You can also use it as a source of inspiration for your own creative writing projects. The guide is available in PDF format, which means you can download it to your computer or mobile device and read it anytime and anywhere.
Section 1: Azerbaijani folk literature
The origins and features of Azerbaijani folk literature
Azerbaijani folk literature is one of the oldest and richest forms of oral literature in the world. It has its roots in the ancient nomadic culture of the Turkic tribes that inhabited Central Asia and migrated to different regions over time. Azerbaijani folk literature was transmitted orally from generation to generation by professional storytellers, singers, poets, musicians, and performers who used various techniques to memorize and improvise their texts.
Azerbaijani folk literature has several distinctive features that make it unique and appealing. Some of these features are:
It is based on the spoken language of the people, which is rich in expressions, metaphors, similes, alliterations, rhymes, repetitions, parallelisms, etc.
It is influenced by the Islamic religion and culture, which provide many references, symbols, motifs, characters, stories, values, etc.
It is diverse in genres and forms, which include fairy-tales (peri bəstələri), legends (əfsanələr), proverbs (atasözləri), sayings (dəyimlər), riddles (biliclər), jokes (latifələr), songs (mahnılar), lullabies (ninnilər), etc.
It is musical and rhythmic in nature, which means that many texts are accompanied by musical instruments (such as saz) or by specific melodies or tunes.
It is interactive and participatory in style, which means that many texts are performed in front of an audience who can join in or respond to the text.
Examples of Azerbaijani folk genres: fairy-tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, etc.
To give you a taste of Azerbaijani folk literature To give you a taste of Azerbaijani folk literature, here are some examples of different genres and forms that you can find in this tradition:
Fairy-tales (peri bəstələri)
Fairy-tales are stories that involve magic, fantasy, and adventure. They often feature supernatural beings, such as fairies (peri), giants (div), dragons (əjdaha), witches (cadu), etc. They also have human characters, such as heroes (qəhrəman), princesses (şahzadə), kings (şah), etc. Fairy-tales usually have a moral lesson or a happy ending. One of the most famous Azerbaijani fairy-tales is "The Tale of the Lying Shepherd" (Yalançı çobanın bəstəsi), which tells the story of a shepherd who lies to his villagers about seeing a wolf and gets punished for his dishonesty.
Legends (əfsanələr)
Legends are stories that are based on historical or mythical events or characters. They often explain the origin of a place, a name, a phenomenon, or a tradition. They also express the values and beliefs of the people who tell them. One of the most famous Azerbaijani legends is "The Legend of Maiden Tower" (Qız qalası əfsanəsi), which tells the story of a princess who falls in love with a young man but is forced to marry a cruel king. She asks her father to build a tower for her and jumps from it into the sea to escape from the king.
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Proverbs (atasözləri)
Proverbs are short and wise sayings that express a general truth or advice. They often use metaphors, comparisons, contrasts, or rhymes to make their point. They reflect the common sense and experience of the people who use them. Some examples of Azerbaijani proverbs are:
"A good word is better than a good face." (Yaxşı söz yaxşı üzədən yaxşıdır.)
"Don't look at the teeth of a gift horse." (Hədiyyə atın dişinə baxma.)
"The tongue has no bones but it can break bones." (Dilin sümüyü yoxdur amma sümük qırar.)
Sayings (dəyimlər)
Sayings are fixed expressions that have a figurative meaning that is different from their literal meaning. They often use imagery, irony, humor, or exaggeration to convey their message. They are usually used in specific situations or contexts. Some examples of Azerbaijani sayings are:
"To put salt on someone's wound." (Yarasına duz sürmək.) Meaning: To make someone's pain or problem worse.
"To have eyes like an eagle." (Şahin kimi gözü olmaq.) Meaning: To have a sharp vision or observation.
"To be in seven skies." (Yeddi göydə olmaq.) Meaning: To be very happy or excited.
Riddles (biliclər)
Riddles are questions or puzzles that require clever thinking or knowledge to solve. They often use wordplay, ambiguity, or double meanings to challenge the listener or reader. They are usually used for fun or entertainment. Some examples of Azerbaijani riddles are:
"What is the thing that has no legs but can run?" (Ayağı olmayan amma qaçan nədir?) Answer: Water (Su)
"What is the thing that has a face but no eyes?" (Üzü olan amma gözü olmayan nədir?) Answer: Clock (Saat)
"What is the thing that has a mouth but cannot speak?" (Ağzı olan amma danışa bilməyən nədir?) Answer: Bottle (Şüşə)
Jokes (latifələr)
Jokes are stories or sentences that are meant to make people laugh. They often use irony, sarcasm, exaggeration, or absurdity to create humor. They are usually used to lighten the mood or to make fun of someone or something. Some examples of Azerbaijani jokes are:
"A man goes to the doctor and says: 'Doctor, I have a problem. I can't remember anything.' The doctor says: 'How long have you had this problem?' The man says: 'What problem?'" (Kişi həkimə gedir və deyir: 'Həkim, mənim bir problemim var. Heç nəyi yada salmıram.' Həkim deyir: 'Bu problemi neçə zamandır ki, var?' Kişi deyir: 'Hansı problem?')
"A teacher asks a student: 'What is the capital of Azerbaijan?' The student says: 'Baku.' The teacher says: 'Correct. And what is the capital of France?' The student says: 'Baku.' The teacher says: 'Wrong. The capital of France is Paris.' The student says: 'Sorry, teacher. I thought you were asking about the capital of Azerbaijan.'" (Müəllim tələbəyə soruşur: 'Azərbaycanın paytaxtı nədir?' Tələbə deyir: 'Bakı.' Müəllim deyir: 'Düzgündür. Peki, Fransanın paytaxtı nədir?' Tələbə deyir: 'Bakı.' Müəllim deyir: 'Səhvdir. Fransanın paytaxtı Parisdir.' Tələbə deyir: 'Bağışlayın, müəllim. Mən sizin Azərbaycanın paytaxtını soruşduğunuzu düşündüm.')
"A husband and a wife are arguing. The husband says: 'You always contradict me.' The wife says: 'No, I don't.'" (Ər və arvad mübahisə edirlər. Ər deyir: 'Siz həmişə mənə zidd olursunuz.' Arvad deyir: 'Yox, olmuram.')
Songs (mahnılar)
Songs are musical compositions that have lyrics and melodies. They often express emotions, feelings, thoughts, or stories. They can be sung solo or in groups, with or without accompaniment. They can also have different styles and genres, such as folk, pop, rock, rap, etc. One of the most famous Azerbaijani songs is "Sarı Gelin" (Yellow Bride), which is a traditional folk song that tells the story of a forbidden love between a Muslim boy and a Christian girl.
Lullabies (ninnilər)
Lullabies are songs that are sung to babies or children to soothe them or make them fall asleep. They often have simple and repetitive lyrics and melodies. They can also have different themes and messages, such as love, protection, blessing, etc. One of the most famous Azerbaijani lullabies is "Nənəm" (My Grandmother), which is a song that praises the grandmother as the best person in the world.
The main themes and values of Azerbaijani folk literature
Azerbaijani folk literature reflects the culture and identity of the Azerbaijani people. It also conveys the themes and values that are important to them. Some of these themes and values are:
The influence of Central Asian nomadic traditions and Islamic culture
Azerbaijani folk literature is influenced by the Central Asian nomadic traditions and Islamic culture that shaped the history and lifestyle of the Azerbaijanis. For example, many folk texts feature animals, such as horses, camels, sheep, dogs, etc., that were essential for the nomadic life. Many folk texts also use Islamic terms, concepts, stories, characters, etc., such as Allah, Muhammad, Quran, hadith, sharia, jihad, etc., that reflect the religious beliefs and practices of the Azerbaijanis.
The reflection of social and historical problems of the Azerbaijani people
Azerbaijani folk literature also reflects the social and historical problems that the Azerbaijani people faced throughout their history. For example, many folk texts deal with issues such as oppression, injustice, war, poverty, migration, etc., that affected the lives and rights of the Azerbaijanis. Many folk texts also express the aspirations and hopes of the Azerbaijanis for freedom, independence, peace, prosperity, etc., that motivated their struggles and movements. Section 2: Azerbaijani written literature
The development and diversity of Azerbaijani written literature
Azerbaijani written literature is a literary tradition that emerged in the 14th century or earlier. It has developed and diversified over time, influenced by various languages, cultures, and movements. It has also produced many outstanding and influential writers and works in various genres and styles.
The early stages of Azerbaijani written literature: Haqiqi, Habibi, Gazi Burhanaddin, Immadim Nessimi, Nizami Ganjavi, etc.
The early stages of Azerbaijani written literature are marked by the emergence of the first Azerbaijani poets and writers who wrote in the Old Azerbaijani language, which was a dialect of Oghuz Turkic. Some of these poets and writers are:
Haqiqi (14th century), who is considered the founder of Azerbaijani written literature. He wrote mystical poems that expressed his love for God and his longing for union with Him. He also wrote about social issues, such as poverty, oppression, corruption, etc.
Habibi (14th-15th century), who was a disciple of Haqiqi and a prominent poet and mystic. He wrote poems that praised God, His prophets, His saints, and His lovers. He also wrote poems that criticized the hypocrites, the tyrants, and the enemies of Islam.
Gazi Burhanaddin (15th century), who was a poet, scholar, judge, and ruler. He wrote poems that reflected his political and religious views, as well as his personal experiences and feelings. He also wrote prose works on jurisprudence, theology, history, etc.
Immadim Nessimi (15th century), who was a poet, philosopher, and mystic. He wrote poems that expressed his radical views on God, humanity, and nature. He challenged the orthodox doctrines of Islam and advocated for humanism and pantheism. He was executed for his heretical beliefs.
Nizami Ganjavi (12th-13th century), who was a poet and a master of Persian literature. He wrote epic poems that combined romance, adventure, history, philosophy, and ethics. He is best known for his Khamsa (Five Treasures), which consists of five long poems: Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries), Khusraw o Shirin (Khusraw and Shirin), Layla o Majnun (Layla and Majnun), Eskandar-nameh (The Book of Alexander), and Haft Paykar (The Seven Beauties).
The impact of Russian and Soviet rule on Azerbaijani written literature: Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Samed Vurgun, etc.
The impact of Russian and Soviet rule on Azerbaijani written literature is evident in the changes that occurred in the language, style, genre, theme, and ideology of the texts. Some of these changes are:
The adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet in 1939 instead of the Arabic alphabet that was used before. This change affected the orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon of the Azerbaijani language.
The introduction of new genres and forms such as novels, short stories
The introduction of new genres and forms such as novels, short stories, dramas, essays, etc., that were influenced by the Russian and European literary traditions. These genres and forms allowed the Azerbaijani writers to explore new topics, characters, plots, and styles.
The emergence of new themes and issues such as nationalism, socialism, realism, modernism, etc., that were influenced by the political and ideological changes that occurred in Russia and the Soviet Union. These themes and issues reflected the aspirations and challenges of the Azerbaijani people in different periods of history.
Some of the most famous and influential Azerbaijani writers who wrote under the Russian and Soviet rule are:
Mirza Fatali Akhundov (19th century), who is considered the founder of modern Azerbaijani literature. He wrote plays, novels, essays, and poems that criticized the backwardness and ignorance of the feudal society and advocated for enlightenment and progress. He is also known as the father of Azerbaijani drama and satire.
Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (19th-20th century), who was a writer, journalist, editor, and teacher. He wrote stories, essays, and poems that exposed the social and moral problems of the Azerbaijani society and promoted democratic and humanistic values. He is also known as the founder of Azerbaijani realism and the creator of Molla Nasraddin, a satirical magazine.
Samed Vurgun (20th century), who was a poet, playwright, translator, and politician. He wrote poems, plays, and stories that expressed his patriotic feelings and socialist ideals. He also translated many works of Russian and world literature into Azerbaijani. He is also known as one of the most prominent representatives of Azerbaijani Soviet literature.
The modern trends and challenges of Azerbaijani written literature
The modern trends and challenges of Azerbaijani written literature are related to the changes that occurred in the language, culture, and society of Azerbaijan after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Some of these changes are:
The restoration of the Latin alphabet in 1991 instead of the Cyrillic alphabet that was used before. This change affected the accessibility, readability, and standardization of the Azerbaijani language.
The emergence of new genres and forms such as science fiction, fantasy, detective, thriller, etc., that were influenced by the global and digital media. These genres and forms allowed the Azerbaijani writers to explore new possibilities, audiences, and markets.
The development of new themes and issues such as identity, diversity
The development of new themes and issues such as identity, diversity, democracy, globalization, etc., that were influenced by the political and cultural changes that occurred in Azerbaijan and the world. These themes and issues reflected the concerns and aspirations of the Azerbaijani people in the 21st century.
Some of the most famous and influential Azerbaijani writers who write in the modern era are:
Chingiz Abdullayev (20th-21st century), who is a writer, journalist, and diplomat. He writes novels and stories that belong to the genre of spy fiction and thriller. He is best known for his series of books featuring Drongo, a secret agent who works for the Azerbaijani intelligence service.
Elchin Safarli (21st century), who is a writer, journalist, and traveler. He writes novels and stories that belong to the genre of romance and drama. He is best known for his books such as Sweet Salt of the Bosphorus (Bosforun Şirin Tuzu), When I Return, Be Home (Qayıdanda Evdə Ol), and Tell Me About the Sea (Dəniz Haqqında Mənə Danış).
Kamal Abdulla (20th-21st century), who is a writer, scholar, and politician. He writes novels and stories that belong to the genre of science fiction and fantasy. He is best known for his books such as The Island of Stability (Sabitlik Adası), The Last Day of the Sultanate (Sultanlığın Son Günü), and The City of Winds (Küləklər Şəhəri).
Conclusion
Summary of the main points
In this guide, you have learned about Azerbaijani literature, which is written in Azerbaijani language, a Turkic language spoken by millions of people in Azerbaijan and other countries. You have also learned about the two main traditions of Azerbaijani literature: folk and written. You have explored the origins, features, themes, values, and examples of both traditions. You have also learned about some of the most famous and influential Azerbaijani writers and their works. By reading this guide, you have gained a better understanding and appreciation of the literary heritage of Azerbaijan.
Recommendations for further reading and learning
If you want to learn more about Azerbaijani literature, here are some recommendations for further reading and learning:
Read more books by Azerbaijani writers in their original language or in translation. You can find many books online or in libraries or bookstores.
Watch more movies or shows based on Azerbaijani literature or featuring Azerbaijani actors or directors. You can find many movies or shows online or on TV or streaming platforms.
Listen to more songs or podcasts related to Azerbaijani literature or culture. You can find many songs or podcasts online or on music or audio platforms.
Visit more websites or blogs that offer information or opinions on Azerbaijani literature or culture. You can find many websites or blogs online or on social media platforms.
Join more clubs or groups that organize events or activities on Azerbaijani literature or culture. You can find many clubs or groups online or offline in your area or community.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between folk literature and written literature?
Folk literature is an oral tradition that reflects the collective culture and identity of a people. Written literature is a literary tradition that expresses the individual thoughts and feelings of an author.
What are some of the languages and cultures that influenced Azerbaijani literature?
Some of the languages and cultures that influenced Azerbaijani literature are Persian, Arabic, Russian, Turkish, Georgian, Armenian, and others.
Who are some of the most famous Azerbaijani writers?
Some of the most famous Azerbaijani writers are Haqiqi, Habibi Some of the most famous Azerbaijani writers are Haqiqi, Habibi, Gazi Burhanaddin, Immadim Nessimi, Nizami Ganjavi, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Samed Vurgun, Chingiz Abdullayev, Elchin Safarli, and Kamal Abdulla.
What are some of the genres and styles of Azerbaijani literature?
Some of the genres and styles of Azerbaijani literature are fairy-tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles, jokes, songs, lullabies, poems, plays, novels, stories, essays, etc. They can also be classified as folk, classical, modern, realistic, romantic, satirical, mystical, etc.
How can I learn Azerbaijani language?
If you want to learn Azerbaijani language, here are some suggestions:
Take a course or a class that teaches Azerbaijani language. You can find many courses or classes online or offline in your area or community.
Use a book or an app that teaches Azerbaijani language. You can find many books or apps online or in libraries or bookstores.
Watch or listen to media that uses Azerbaijani language. You can find many media online or on TV or radio or streaming platforms.
Practice with a native speaker or a learner of Azerbaijani language. You can find many native speakers or learners online or offline in your area or community.
I hope you enjoyed reading this guide and learned something new about Azerbaijani literature. Thank you for your attention and interest. 44f88ac181
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