The cognitive component has been more closely conceptualized with life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976), yet despite this, had not previously received much attention for research. Diener et al. (1985) sought to address this and through developing the SWLS, they created a strong tool in the measurement of the cognitive components they felt reflected a subjective sense of wellbeing and life satisfaction.
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The SWLS is not designed to help you understand satisfaction in any one specific domain of life, such as your job or relationships; instead, it has been developed to help you get a sense of your satisfaction with your life as a whole.
The scoring for the SWLS works quite simply, by adding up the total of the numbers you score against each of the statements. So, remembering that 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree, the higher your score, the higher your sense of life satisfaction as a whole.
Rather than there being one or two things that you feel would give you greater satisfaction, you might feel that small improvements across all domains of your life would lead to a higher sense of life satisfaction.
As you may have guessed, a score at the very low end of the scale means that you are extremely dissatisfied with your current life circumstances. Again, if this score is due to a recent hard blow in life, such as bereavement, then things may get better over time with the right support.
The SWLS is one of the most widely used measurements for life satisfaction. The shortness and ease of being able to administer the scale to achieve foundation results is key to this, but how reliable does that actually make it?
Further research has confirmed this reliability against other measures of life satisfaction (Pavot et al., 1991, Pavot & Diener, 2008) as well as other measures for happiness (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). It has also correlated well with scales measuring the meaning of life (Steger et al., 2006) and scales measuring hope (Bailey & Synder, 2007).
The only part of the scale that has been questioned in the research is the use of the fifth statement, as researchers believe it has a weaker association with life satisfaction and instead causes participants to reflect on the desire to change rather than their current sense of life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993).
As well as happiness and life satisfaction, Diener studied the factors that influence these two areas, including financial health, family upbringing, personality, relationships, and work. He studied these topics across 166 different nations and explored some of the cultural components behind individual happiness.
While the SWLS can offer you an indication of your life satisfaction on a more overall scale, there are other tools and resources that can help you to further explore your sense of satisfaction in specific domain areas of your life.
Once you have your scores for each of the 10 domains, you can reflect on where you have given the lowest scores, why these are low scores, and what you might be able to do to start making positive changes and improve your sense of life satisfaction.
Hi.. Hope you are doing good.. I am doing research for my BS program.. I need your help to suggest me good scale for life satisfaction in high achievers.. As my topic for research is Role of parenting style and coping skills on life satisfaction in high achievers.. Can you please suggest me an authentic cite for the scale please?Thank you!
The Satisfaction with Life Scale was developed to assess satisfaction with people's lives as a whole. The scale does not assess satisfaction with specific life domains, such as health or finances, but allows subjects to integrate and weigh these domains in whatever way they choose. It takes only a few minutes to complete.
Overall, nurses who reported higher scores on the burnout ProQOL-V subscale also had higher secondary traumatic stress and turnover intention scores on the TIS-6. In contrast, nurses who had higher satisfaction scores reported lower scores on the secondary traumatic stress and burnout subscales and had lower turnover intention, indicating that nurses who experience greater satisfaction in their caregiving role will likely experience less feelings of burnout and stress and have less desire to leave their place of employment.
Although the sample size (N = 93) was moderate, this study was limited by its cross-sectional design and its use of convenience sampling. The design of this study precludes an evaluation of temporal precedence and causality of the observed associations among CF and satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Because of the homogeneity of the sample, generalizability is limited. Future studies should include more diverse demographics (age and experience levels) across multiple locations. In addition, this study only used the ProQOL-V scale to measure CF, whereas other studies may include tools that measure additional influential factors, such as job satisfaction.
Keynes's intellect was evident early in life; in 1902, he gained admittance to the competitive mathematics program at King's College at the University of Cambridge. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. He argued that aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) determined the overall level of economic activity, and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment, and since wages and labour costs are rigid downwards the economy will not automatically rebound to full employment.[9] Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. He detailed these ideas in his magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in late 1936. By the late 1930s, leading Western economies had begun adopting Keynes's policy recommendations. Almost all capitalist governments had done so by the end of the two decades following Keynes's death in 1946. As a leader of the British delegation, Keynes participated in the design of the international economic institutions established after the end of World War II but was overruled by the American delegation on several aspects.
There are also few studies that have investigated the association between health literacy and the specific concepts of purpose in life and life satisfaction from the perspective of national health promotion40,41. Investigating the effect of health literacy on purpose in life and life satisfaction will enable us to better understand the mechanistic link between health literacy and these social outcomes, and will assist in preparing for an effective intervention in health promotion practice.
The relationships between health literacy and purpose in life and life satisfaction in the context of national health promotion campaigns such as HJ21 and the Smart Life project in Japan, remains unclear. It is of great scientific value to investigate on the population which have gained health literacy in line with HJ21 if they increase purpose in life through gaining health literacy. The study target, health management specialists, selected in this study who have specific training to increase the capacity of health literacy and do not require any prior health-related degree or certificate is in line with the HJ21. Understanding these relationships will be insightful when planning specific health promotion interventions in national health campaigns. The study aims to investigate the extent to which purpose in life and life satisfaction are influenced by improving health literacy in the Japanese population.
Our multiple linear regressions also indicated that health literacy was statistically and significantly associated with life satisfaction after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, income, education, marital status, psychological factors, and disease status). The statistics for all models are shown in Table 3. Similar to the regression analysis between health literacy and purpose in life, health literacy was significantly associated with life satisfaction, after adjusting for psychological factors (psychological stress) and explained most of life satisfaction.
To the best our knowledge, this is the first study to show that health literacy is associated with both purpose in life and life satisfaction, among individuals with a wide age range and in a nonclinical setting. Musich et al. showed a positive association between health literacy and purpose in life among older adults33. Their study used a single question to measure health literacy. In our study, the results were confirmed using a validated tool to measure health literacy. Thus, our study results expand the existing evidence to individuals of a wider age range.
Many studies show that purpose in life and life satisfaction decrease the risk of premature mortality and improve health outcomes5,7,45,46. Moreover, an enhanced purpose in life seems to result in better health outcomes33,47. Previous Japanese studies show an association between purpose in life and all-cause mortality, as well as cause-specific mortality, such as cardiovascular diseases48. Similarly, life satisfaction has also been investigated in relation to health behaviors and health outcomes including chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality49,50,51,52,53,54,55. Our study supports the existing evidence that health literacy influence both purpose in life and life satisfaction in the context of health promotion.
The mechanistic link between purpose in life and life satisfaction and health outcomes have been hypothesized in several ways. Kim et al. suggested three key biobehavioral pathways by which a sense of purpose in life reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease: (1) psychological and stress-buffering, (2) behavioral pathways, and (3) biological pathways56. Previous studies also show a positive association between health literacy and health-related lifestyle behavior57,58. A noteworthy highlight in our study results is the positive association between health literacy and purpose in life and life satisfaction. Health literacy includes the capacity to make better health decisions and was shown to be associated with higher sense of purpose in life and life satisfaction in this study. Based on the association of health literacy with an increased sense of purpose in life and life satisfaction, increasing health literacy might causally prevent diseases and decrease mortality through purpose in life59. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that a higher sense of purpose in life due to health literacy interventions may have a causal influence on health promotion and disease prevention. To understand the mechanism of the association between health literacy, purpose in life and life satisfaction, and how health literacy interventions can improve health outcomes through a higher sense of purpose in life and life satisfaction, a longitudinal study would be of great value. The mechanism may provide important insights when planning national health promotion. 2ff7e9595c
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